Embedded Linux vs bare metal: Which is better?

Embedded systems are an integral part of modern technology, powering countless devices and systems we see or use every day.

Two primary approaches dominate the development of these systems: bare metal programming and embedded Linux. Both embedded Linux and bare metal have distinct advantages and trade-offs.

In this embedded Linux vs bare metal comparison, we’ll examine the two options side by side to help you decide which is the better fit for your needs.

Here’s what you’ll learn.

• What are embedded systems?
• What is bare metal programming?
• Advantages of bare metal programming
• Drawbacks of bare metal programming
• What is embedded Linux?
• Advantages of embedded Linux
• Drawbacks of embedded Linux
• Embedded Linux vs bare metal: Key considerations
• Final thoughts: Embedded Linux vs bare metal — which is best?

What are embedded systems?

Embedded systems are specialized, small-scale computing systems that perform dedicated tasks or functions within a broader mechanical or electronic system. 

The main building block of most modern embedded systems is a microcontroller, which acts as the system’s “brain,” managing all operations. A typical microcontroller contains a processing element, memory, and output/input peripherals, all in a single integrated circuit (IC).

Some embedded systems might be built around microprocessors. Unlike a microcontroller, a microprocessor is a single integrated circuit that contains only a central processing unit (CPU). To make a microprocessor functional, you have to add external memory plus other peripheral devices.

Embedded systems are present in many everyday devices, including digital watches, automobiles, medical devices, household appliances, and mobile devices.

What is bare metal programming?

Bare metal programming is a form of programming that’s hardcoded to a system at the hardware level. It functions without an abstraction layer or an operating system (OS) like Windows, Ubuntu, or Linux.

Bare metal programming is typically done in low-level languages like C or Assembly, which provide the control necessary to interact directly with the hardware.

Advantages of bare metal programming

Some advantages of bare metal programming include the following.

Higher performance 

Bare metal eliminates the performance overheads of an operating system or another intermediary layer, which results in faster execution times for commands. This specific feature makes bare metal ideal for applications where speed and minimal latency are critical.

Full hardware access and control

Bare metal programming provides access and control over all hardware resources. This enables granular optimization and resource management.

Lower memory footprint

Bare metal systems use significantly less memory since they don’t need operating system-related functions like memory management or task scheduling. This efficiency is particularly advantageous for devices with limited RAM.

Low power consumption

Fewer software layers and components in bare metal programming mean less power consumption. This is beneficial for battery-powered devices where power efficiency is a priority.

Predictability

Bare metal systems are more predictable in their behavior since there are no operating system scheduling algorithms or background processes to introduce variability. This predictability can be critical in real-time applications where timing is essential.

Greater inherent security

The absence of an operating system or abstraction layer in bare metal systems reduces their overall security attack surface. This makes them inherently more secure. 

Drawbacks of bare metal programming

Bare metal programming has some drawbacks, including the following.

Longer development time

With bare metal programming, you must write most of the code yourself from scratch as there are no pre-built libraries, middleware, or frameworks available. This can mean a longer development time.

Limited multitasking

Bare metal systems don’t have an operating system to manage task scheduling and context switching. This limitation restricts the system’s ability to handle complex, concurrent operations.

Limited portability

Bare metal code is often tightly coupled to the specific hardware it was developed for. The close coupling can make it difficult, time-consuming, or even impractical to port the code to other hardware platforms. It also reduces overall flexibility in hardware selection.

What is embedded Linux?

Embedded Linux is a lightweight version of the Linux operating system that’s designed specifically for embedded systems. It leverages the Linux kernel’s flexibility and scalability to provide a robust platform for developing complex, feature-rich embedded devices.

Advantages of embedded Linux

Here are some of the advantages of embedded Linux.

Rich software ecosystem

Embedded Linux offers a rich software ecosystem that includes libraries, tools, drivers, networking, and file systems. This extensive ecosystem speeds development by providing pre-built functionalities, reducing the need for custom code.

Multitasking capabilities

Unlike bare metal systems, embedded Linux supports multitasking. This is crucial for systems that need to handle several processes or workloads simultaneously, such as smart home devices or industrial control systems.

Scalability

Embedded Linux can run on small, resource-constrained microcontrollers or powerful multicore processors. This makes the Linux OS adaptable to a wide range of embedded systems.

Strong community

Linux has a large community of developers and users on platforms like GitHub who continuously contribute to the system’s development and improvement. This support network can be invaluable when troubleshooting issues or seeking enhancements for embedded projects.

Cross-platform compatibility

Embedded Linux is more versatile than bare metal. You can easily port it across different hardware architectures, making it a great option for projects that may evolve or need to be adapted to new hardware.

Drawbacks of embedded Linux

Embedded Linux also has drawbacks.

Higher resource requirements

Compared to bare metal, embedded Linux requires more memory and processing power to manage the operating system and its functions. This makes it less suitable for devices with limited resources.

Security vulnerability

The presence of an operating system or another intermediary layer increases the security attack surface. As a result, careful configuration, regular updates, and ongoing security management are essential to avoid potential security risks.

More boot time

Embedded Linux systems typically experience longer boot and reboot times due to the operating system initialization process. The delay can be a big disadvantage in applications where immediate startup is crucial, such as emergency systems and certain medical devices. 

Embedded Linux vs bare metal: Key considerations

When choosing between embedded Linux vs bare metal, the following considerations can help determine which approach best meets your project’s requirements.

Performance

Bare metal offers superior performance by eliminating operating system overheads. It’s better for applications or devices with strict timing requirements and low latency needs. 

Embedded Linux offers slower performance due to operating system overhead, but it’s capable of handling more complex tasks concurrently.  

So, if your system needs to manage multiple processes simultaneously — such as data logging, networking, and interface management — embedded Linux provides the necessary multitasking capabilities for smooth and efficient operation.

Resource requirements

Bare metal programming is highly efficient when it comes to resource usage. Without an operating system, it consumes less memory and processing power, making it perfect for small devices with tight hardware constraints.

Conversely, embedded Linux requires more resources such as memory, storage, and processing power to manage the operating system, drivers, and user space applications. It’s better for devices with moderate to high hardware capabilities.

Boot time

Bare metal systems boot almost instantly since there’s no operating system to initialize. This is crucial for applications that need immediate startup. 

Embedded Linux typically takes longer to boot due to operating system initialization. This can be a drawback in scenarios where quick availability is essential.

Development complexity

Bare metal programming requires deep hardware knowledge and careful management of system resources. This can be a huge barrier for smaller teams or developers with limited experience or certifications in hardware programming. Bare metal development’s complexity can also lead to longer development cycles.

In contrast, embedded Linux allows for faster development and reduces coding complexity thanks to its vast ecosystem of built-in drivers, libraries, and tools.

Flexibility and scalability

While less flexible, bare metal is highly reliable for simple, fixed-function devices. 

Embedded Linux is highly flexible and scalable, making it well-suited for systems that may evolve or expand over time.

Final thoughts: Embedded Linux vs bare metal — which is best?

Both bare metal and embedded Linux have their place in embedded systems. Your project’s specific requirements should guide your choice between the two.

Bare metal is best used in resource-constrained, high-performance computing, and real-time applications, while embedded Linux excels in feature-rich, multitasking settings.

At Liquid Web, we provide reliable, low-cost hosting solutions for both bare metal server environments and Linux-based systems. 

Our portfolio includes bare metal servers and private cloud hosting powered by VMware virtualization technology. Whether you require the raw power of dedicated hardware or the scalability and flexibility of virtual machines, Liquid Web delivers the optimal infrastructure for your project.

And if you’re unsure whether bare metal or embedded Linux is best for your project, we’re happy to help. We’ll evaluate your needs and guide you in choosing the most suitable solution.

Contact us to speak to one of our experts today.